Synthesis and Application of Ternary Nanofluid for Photovoltaic-Thermal System: Comparative Analysis of Energy and Exergy Performance with Single and Hybrid Nanofluids

The amelioration of photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems have garnered increased research interest lately, more so due to the discovery thermal property augmentation nanofluids. overarching goal this study is conduct a comparative analysis mono, hybrid, ternary hybrid nanofluids utilized as fluids for heat transfer applications particularly cooling mediums in PV/T applications. Al2O3, ZnO, Al2O3-ZnO, Al2O3-ZnO-Fe3O4 are synthesized at 1% volume concentration using two-step method. zeta potential tests carried out showed that high stability. numerical model developed was validated real data culled from Cyprus International University. findings nanofluid ZnO mono were efficient system. optimum relative electrical efficiency against PV 8.13% while enhancement recorded 1.79% 19.06%, respectively, measured based This present shows despite limitation pumping power pressure drop associated with systems, close performance evaluation criterion values compared water positive practical utilization systems.